1Kemink SA, Hermus AR, Swinkels LM, et al. Osteopenia in in- sulin - dependent diabetes mellitus; prevalence and aspects of pathophysiolagy [ J ]. J Endocrinol Invest,2000,23:295 - 303.
2Mastrandrea LD, Wactawski - Wende J, Donabue RP, et al. Young women with type 1 diabetes have lower bone mineral densi- ty that persists over time [ J ]. Diabetes Care,2008,31 : 1729 - 1735.
3Yaturu S, Humphrey S, Landry C, et al. Decreased bone mineral density in men with metabolic syndrome alone and with type 2 dia- betes[ J]. Med Sci Monit,2009,15:5 - 9.
4Anaforoglu I, Nar - Demirer A, Baseil - Tutuneu N, et al. Preva- lence of osteoporosis and factors affecting bone mineral density a- mong postmenopausal Turkish women with type2 diabetes[J]. Di- abetes Complications,2009,23 : 12 - 17.
5Gupta R, Mohammed AM, Mojiminiyi OA, et al. Bone mineral density in premenopausal Arab women with type 2 diabetes melli- tus[J]. J Clin Densitom,2009 ,12 :54 -57.
6Luetters CM, Keegan TH, Sidney S, et al. Risk factors for foot fracture among individuals aged 45 years and older[ J ]. Osteoporos Int,2004,15:957 - 963.
7Lipscombe LL, Jamal SA, Booth GL, et al. The risk of hip frac- tures in older individuals with diabetes: a population - based study [ J]. Diabetes Care,2007,30:835 - 841.
8Ivers RQ, Cumming RG, Mitchell P, et al. Diabetes and risk of fracture: The Blue Mountains Eye Study [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 2001,24:1198 - 1203.
9Janghorbani M, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, et al. Systematic re- view of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture[ J]. Am J Epidemio1,2007 ,166 :495 - 505.
10Sahin G, Bagis S, Cimen OB, et al. Lumbar and femoral bone mineral density in type 2 Turkish diabetic patients [ J ]. Aeta Mediea ( Hradec Kralove) ,2001,44 : 141 - 143.
4Inaba M, Nishizawa Y, ShioiA, et al. Importance of sustained high glucose condition development of diabetic osteopenia: possible involvement of the polyolpathway. Osteoros Int, 1997,7(Supp13) :209- 212.
8Kurland ES ,Rosen CJ ,Cosman F ,et al.Insulin-like growth factor-1 in men with idiopathic osteoporosis[J] .J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1997;82:2799-805.
9Jehle PM, Jehle DR , Mohan S ,et al .Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor system components and relationship to bone metabolism in typeⅠand typeⅡ diabetes mellitus patients[J]. J Endocrinol,1998;159:297-306.
10Bach LA,Rechler MM.Insulin-like growth factors and diabetes[J]. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews,1992;8:229.