案例知识与复杂问题解决

Case Knowledge and Solving Complex Problem

人们在日常生活中需要不断地解决各种问题,正如波普尔所说"全部的生活就是问题解决"。问题解决,尤其是复杂问题的解决,已成为认知科学和学习研究中关注的焦点。复杂问题的解决是一个动态的复杂过程,需要综合运用多种认知和非认知成分。先前的研究已经提出了解决复杂问题的多种模型,给人们解决复杂问题提供了可依靠的支架。而案例知识作为一种典型性、叙事性、情境性、实践性、个人性、整体性的经验知识在问题解决中得到了广泛应用,已成为支持复杂问题解决的有效形式,具体表现为:支持问题境脉的阐释、支持问题的多视角认识、支持解决方案的生成、支持解决方案的确定以及支持对问题解决结果的评价。它正作为一种支持人们解决问题的资源,在现实中发挥越来越大的作用。

People need to continually solve various problems in everyday life, as Popper said, ＂All of life is problem solving＂. Problem solving, especially complicated ill-structured problem solving, has been a major concern in cognitive science and learning research. The process of problem solving is dynamic and complex so that problem solvers need to synthesize various cognitive and non-cognitive components. Previous studies have proposed a variety of models which provide scaffolds to solve complicated problems. While case knowledge is experiential knowledge, which is typical, narrative, situational, practical, personal and holistic, and has been widely used in problem solving. It has become an effective form of supporting complicated problem solving, as follows： articulating problem space and contexts, clarifying problems by considering the multiple perspectives, generating possible problem solutions, identifying appropriate solutions and evaluating solutions. As a sort of resource used to support people to solve problems, case knowledge will play an increasing role in reality.