汉语句子的形态标记研究

Formal Markers of Chinese Sentences

无论是从跨语言还是从历时的观点看,汉语都有不少与其他语言形态标记类同的语法成分。文章采用问卷调查的方法,寻找汉语句子的形式标记,并从篇章的角度分析这些形态标记与汉语句子之间的关系。汉语句子的判断同主语形式、主从关系、背景前景有密切的对应关系。主语省略的零形主语,可以出现在一个完整的句子之后,是句子判断的形式标记之一;而非省略零形主语,往往是小句的形式标记;状语多用于提供背景信息,处于一个句子的主句前面部分;连词连接不同的语义关系,揭示出主从不同的语义关系;主从关系,往往又同背景前景关系相对应;背景信息与从句相对应,而前景信息同主句相对应。文章认为汉语句子作为篇章语法的基本单位,不仅适合而且具有可操作性。

Chinese shares similar syntactic-morphological markers with other languages both diaehronically and cross-linguistically. To look for the formal markers of Chinese sentences, questionnaires are employed with their relations analysed from the perspective of discourse. It is found that Chinese sentences are closely related to the subject form, main-subordinate syntactic relation, and foreground-background discourse relation. To be specific, the bare subject under the context of omission after a complete sentence, non-omission hare subject, the initial adverbial phrase, conjunctives indicating different semantic relation are cues for a complete sentence. It is argued that, as a basic discourse concept, the notion of sentence is not only suitable but also operatable.