台湾道教灵宝派普渡仪式与音乐研究

The Research on Taoist Lingbao School's Pudu Ceremony and Music of Taiwan

根据刘枝万教授、丁煌教授、吕锤宽教授等人的研究及道法源流之稽考,台湾的道士派别可分成正一(正乙)与灵宝两派。正一派道士主司具有[度生][2]性质的道士,如拜斗、安太岁、拜天公仪式,做三献或建醮等职务,即民间说法红白大事中的红事(吉事),常被一般民众称为[红头道士]或[红头司公][3],而灵宝派则职司拔度亡魂的[度死][4]斋(阴)事法术的道士,其业务除了从事祈安植福、驱邪压煞等仪式外更兼办各种丧事幽法,加上仪式所用之科仪道书常称为[灵宝]某经,因而有[乌头道士]或[灵宝道士]的称号。普渡仪式就仪式意涵而言,实属祭拜超度孤魂的阴事祭仪,因此笔者就从灵宝派道士所行之普渡仪式中去探寻仪式的内容与音乐的特性。

According to the research of Professors Liu Zhiwan, Ding Huang and Lv Chuikuan as well as the textual study of the origin and development of Taoist theory, the Ta- oist priests of Taiwan fall into two schools： Zhengyi School, whose principal duty is to implement the auspicious tasks, such as Baidou （praying to the Dipper）, Baiti- angong （praying to the Heaven）, etc., and Lingbao School, whose business includes various kinds of funeral ceremony, evil expelling besides peace praying. The es- sence of Pudu ceremony belongs to lost soul worship. This paper explores the characters of the ritual content and music from the ceremonies done by Lingbao School.