南宋四洪的思想和学术进退——宋代士人的别一种思想和政治生态

Ideological and Academic Pursuits of Hong Hao and His Sons——Another Intellectual and Political Ecology for Song Scholars

洪皓和洪适、洪遵、洪迈父子生活于北宋末、南宋初内忧外患煎逼的特殊时期。他们不像朱熹、陆九渊、吕祖谦和张栻那样有系统的思想和学术建树,甚至没有比较固定的思想依从或渊源,却也抽取各家提炼治道思想,尤其是在事功学术方面颇多建树,事实上构成南宋时期的新杂家;他们没有像秦桧、王淮、张浚那样成为主要政治人物,却在种种进退之间实现本有的经略之志,并且较大程度地保全了自己;他们没有"中兴四将"那样的抗金作为,也不是"和议"派干将,但因时度势以"和战"两种策略应对面临的问题;他们的极可贵之处是始终秉持恒定的处世原则和价值标准,这就是孟子意义上的民本观念。

Hong Hao and his sons Hong Shi,Hong Zun and Hong Mai lived in a special historical era suffering internal instability and external invasion in the late Northern Song and early Southern Song.Different from Zhu Xi,Lu Jiuyuan,Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi,they had no systematic thoughts and academic achievements;one cannot even identify fixed intellectual sources or origins in their thoughts.However,they learned from diverse schools and put forward their own views on governance,and made great achievements in the field of practicalism,constituting in fact a new kind of Eclectics in the Southern Song Dynasty.They did not become leading political figures like Qin Hui,Wang Huai and Zhang Jun,but realized their political aspirations and protected themselves to a great extent with their political maneuvers.Distinct from the 'Four Generals Contributing to National Resurgence'by resisting the Jin Dynasty and advocates of peace negotiation,the four Hongs chose either'war'or'negotiation'in accordance with the need of the times.An outstanding quality of them is their persistent pursuit of a constant principle of behavior and value standard,that is'putting people first'in the Menciusian sense.