由“天地境界”到“功利境界”——从曾、李之别看近代中国的士风转移与文学之变

From “Univers al Realm” to “Utility Realm”——On the Transfer of Literati's Ethos and Change of literature from the differences between Zeng and Li

晚清时期诗、文、小说三界都爆发了革命,古典文学所崇尚的圆熟简练、静穆悠远等文风迅速为一种激越亢奋、铺张扬厉的文风所取代。这是时代冲击下人的心性结构改变后呈现出来的结果,在清末影响巨大的曾国藩和李鸿章可作为考察这种变化的原点。曾可作为传统主静和希圣希贤文化的末代绝响,而李则代表着一种与道德脱离的功利主义政治文化的先兆,曾、李之别从深层而言,代表的是价值观念的位移和人生境界的改变。士人知识阶层心态的转变、体验结构的变化,与近代文学、文化的转型有直接关系。

The revolution on poem, literature and novels in late Qing dynasty changed the style from classical-proficient, succinct, solemn and quiet to vehement and overloaded. It is the results by the culture shock which had changed human＇s mind. And to get the results, it is viable to treat Zeng guofan and Li hongzhang-who had strong impacts on the late Qing dynasty as the origin of investiga- tion. Zeng guofan could be the last representative of traditional culture which pursue on Universe realm, while Li hongzhang was the pioneer of political culture on utilitarianism which is separate to morality. For deep level, the differences between Zeng and Li could represent the displacement of Values and the change of realm of life. The change of thinking and experience structure of the literati stratum had direct relationships with the transition of modern literature and culture.