论颜元在人性论上对朱熹的批判

On Yan Yuan's Criticizes to Zhu Xi's Theory on Human Nature

颜元对朱熹人性论的批判,是以实事实行作为着眼点的。从三个方面来加以讨论:第一,颜元以"气"为人性的本原,加上"理气融成一片"的理气观,批判了朱熹的以"理"为人性的本原,这是对朱熹人性论批判的开端;第二,颜元以"人欲合理"来驳斥朱熹"存天理,灭人欲"以及"变化气质"的要求,进而指出"气质之性"是人唯一的本性来批判朱熹的将人性分为"天地之性"与"气质之性",又以恶由"习染引蔽"而产生来批判朱熹的"气质有恶",使"气"的人性本原得到了体现,并为修炼注重实行与践履的修心养性工夫提供了理论根据,是对朱熹人性论批判的焦点;第三,颜元以"习动"来批判朱熹的"主静"和"死读书",而主张人们成为既对自己又对天下有利的人,正是他对朱熹人性论批判的归宿。颜元对朱熹所作批判,把对人性论的着眼点从形而上的东西转移到了形而下的东西上来,具有鼓动人们在实际事情与行动之中以践履来求道并修养自己身心的意义。

Yan Yuan criticized Zhu Xi＇s theory of human nature by focusing on the actual evens and prac- tice. This can be discussed in three parts： Firstly, the beginning of Yah＇ s criticize＇ to Zhu＇ s viewpoint that human nature originated from the principle rules （Li） was to let the matter （Qi） be the origin and that principle rules and matter combined as one （Li Qi Rong Cheng Yi Pian）. Secondly, the core of Yan＇s criticize proposed that human desire is reasonable to opposed Zhu＇s demand which was to cherish heaven laws and deny human desire（Cun Tian Li Mie Ren Yu） and to change human＇s temperament （Bian Hua Qi Zhi）. Furthermore, Yah presented a thinking that temperament（Qi Zhi） is the only nature of human to rebuke Zhu＇s idea which devided human nature into born nature（Tian Di Zhi Xing） and temperament（Qi Zhi Zhi Xing）, and expressed that the evil in human na- ture is caused by habitual acts （Xi Ran Yin Bi） to refute Zhu＇s opinion that the evil is caused by temperament. A｜I of these clarified that matter（Qi） is tile origin of human nature and supplied a theoretical ground for the moral cultivation centred actual practice. Thirdly, the destination of Yan＇s pursued to be motive and active in daily life （Xi Dong） and criticize to Zhu＇s seek to practice stillness（Zhu Jing） and studying mechanically is to encourage the people cultivating advantageous for both their own and the society. Yan Yuan＇s criticize to Zhu Xi in this field turned the focus of the theory of human nature from metaphysical to physical phenomena, which gave a signifi- cance that people should improve theirselves by their own practice in the actual events and performance.