明清时期泰山神祇地位变迁探究

On the Change of Mountain Gods Status in Ming and Qing Dynasties

泰山信仰即以泰山神(民间化后称为东岳大帝)和碧霞元君为主的宗教神灵信仰。泰山神信仰源于远古的山岳崇拜,在明代以前,泰山神不仅因多次得到帝王的敕封、致祭而纳入国家祭祀体系,也因"泰山治鬼"之职而成为民间各香社崇祀的主体,泰山行祠亦已遍布域内各府、州、县,其在泰山乃至域内众神中的独尊地位是其他神灵所无法比拟的;而碧霞元君不仅兴起较晚,其民间杂祠甚至淫祀的属性亦不时成为世人抨击的对象,地位远在泰山神之下。但明代中后期之后,两者地位发生了重大变化,碧霞元君大有凌驾于泰山神之上之势,究其原因则与泰山神回归官方祀典、封禅活动的终结及碧霞元君神职广大等诸多因素有关。

Mountain Tai faith is the religion faith of God of Mount Tai （later known as Dongyue God folkly） and Bixiayuanjun. Mountain Tai faith derived from ancient mountain worship.Before ming dynasty God of Mountain Tai was included in the list of gods of state sacrifice, because of the emperor＇ s Fengshan event. at the same time , The folk ＂ Dongyue Temple Fair＂ and ＂ Incense Society＂ emerged and became mature. Dongyue Temples were set all around.Mountain Tai established its various position. Compared with the God of Mountain Tai, Bixiayuanjun was a junior god.Its civil miscellaneous temple even Yinsi attributes become targets for attacks of the world. It was still under the status of God of Mount Tai. After the Ming Dynasty in the late, both the status of major changes have occurred, Bixiayuanjun was impressively above God of Mount Tai. The reason is with the God of Taishan return to the Official Ceremony, the Fengshan activities end and the Clergy majority of Bixiayuanjun.