虚与实:明清山东士人价值观念在宗教空间的构造

Virtual and Reality:The Value of the Scholar about Shandong Was Constituted in Religion Space During the Ming and Qing Periods

在传统社会,士人面临科举竞争、生存困境等诸多问题,在精神层面难免产生一定压力。而神授托梦的虚构意境,对士人的理想具有一定的指引性。从中我们也可以发现,受神灵所点拨者多是一些符合忠孝节义道德标准之士。因此,宗教信仰中的虚与士人生活中的实之所以能够相互转化,是以道德原则为前提的。值得注意的是,主流儒家思想之外,那些释道思想虽含有宿命论,却也在士人精神世界形成了一种超脱现实的人生构造。

Faced with the imperial examination competition and the living predicament,and other problems in traditional society,the scholars were hard to avoid coming about pressure in psychiatry.And that the fictional imagery of the gods,had pointed to the ideal of the scholars in the unseen world.From among that we can find,the scholars were pointed mostly their behavior accorded with loyal and filial piety.Therefore,the virtual in religion and the reality in life could transformate reciprocally,often took moralization as prerequisite.Worthy of being attention,except the mainstream Confucianism,the Buddhist and Taoists contain determinism,although which helped to form the life constitution of superioring to mundane affairs in the world of scholar＇s spirits.