生态系统服务消耗及其影响

Consumption of Ecosystem Goods and Services and Its Impact Assessment

对生态系统服务直接与间接消耗的模式、机制与影响研究,以及如何把人类对生态系统服务消耗与自然生态系统本身结合起来,是富有挑战性和前瞻性的研究工作。但是,生态系统服务消耗仍然是一个及其需要强化的研究领域。本文结合村落及区域尺度研究进展,分析了生态系统服务直接与间接消耗的特点,阐述了消耗及其格局变化对生态系统本身的影响,以及对土地资源质量和数量、对水资源数量和产能影响的特点。同时,论述了实现从农户到区域尺度个体生态服务消耗模式变化及区域演变规律的跨尺度定量模拟与表达,为实现可持续消耗模式及生态系统适应性管理提供参考。

Production and formulation of ecosystem goods and services（EGS）,flow of EGS among the production and consumption regions,human’s consumption and utilization of EGS,as well as impact of consumption on natural ecosystem and human society,are frontier issues in ecological studies,which need to be tackled by scientists and decision makers.This paper is based on existing case study results and secondary information,to analyze relationships between households’direct and indirect consumption of EGS,households’internal factors and external factors like policy affecting the consumption,and to identify impact of the consumption on ecosystem and land and water resources which the production and provision of EGS rely on.The paper addresses that the direct and indirect consumption of EGS are inter-related with each other,behind each of the direct consumption of EGS,there is indirect consumption occurring.For instance,consumption of provisioning services like food and fuel wood will coupled with indirect consumption of water,soil nutrition,etc,while consumption of recreation services like landscape beauty will associate with ecosystem’s air and water regulation services,soil and water conservation services,cultural services,etc.At the household level,the scope and intensity of consumption is very much affected by internal factors,apart from government policies.Semi-structured household questionnaire surveys,Participatory Rural Appraisal,Focus Group Discussion,and Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment are useful methods for collecting first hand data for such analysis.Analysis on impact of consumption shows that EGS’s consumption will have liner and/or non-liner relations with ecosystem’s provision of those services,however,it has been proved very clearly through several case studies,that the consumption will bring impact on ecosystem services like biodiversity,water and soil conservation,etc.The paper also discusses the transformation of household level analysis to regional level analysis,and considers Agent Based Modeling（ABM）approach is very useful for establishing the most reasonable patterns of EGS consumption at the regional level on the basis of households’first hand data.Characteristic,paths,quantity,as well as mechanism of EGS transformation between the regions are discussed,and future research agenda is identified.This study will contribute to regional ecological security and establishing payment scheme by providing scientific bases and suggestions for optimizing structure of EGS consumption,by taking into consideration of regional production capacity and cross region impact of consumption patterns.The study will also be useful for solving the conflicts between ecosystem protection and human well-being.