“言语行为”的后现代状况

The Postmodern Condition of "Speech Act"

在其创立者奥斯汀和塞尔那里,"言语行为理论"作为一种哲学理论,其任务是反对"逻辑实证主义",关注"日常语言"的使用情况,研究言语行为的分类和句子意义与语境的关系。塞尔利用言语行为理论开创了对"虚构"的哲学研究方式;经过与解构主义的论争,言语行为理论被改造为一种多元主义的阐释方法;而后现代思想家们则通过挪用言语行为理论的某些观点和概念,找到了突破语言结构、对社会文化生活中种种权力话语机制展开批判的手段。言语行为理论在"后现代"语境下的发展史正是其创始人最初的意图被渐渐遗忘的历史。

Speech-act theory was founded by J L. Austin and J R. Searle who planned to go a- gainst the presuppositions of logical positivism. According to Austin and Searle, the purpose of such theory is to study the uses of “ordinary language”and presents a rational taxonomy of types of speech acts and explores the relation between the meanings of sentences and the contexts of their utterance. Searle＇s theory of language provides a method to analyze fictional discourse. After quarrelling a- gainst Derrida, searle＇ s was transformed to be certain hermeneutics of pluralism. Almost at the same time many “postmodern” writers learn and reform some concepts and thoughts from Austin and Sear- le, trying to develop these ideas, such as “Performativity” and “Speech Act”, to be ethic-political tactics resisting and criticizing the institutional discourse of power. Finally the phylogeny of speech- act theory can be proved to be a history during which the founder＇ s original intentions being forgot- ten.