2006—2010年广东省职业中毒特点分析与防治探讨

Characteristics of occupational poisoning in Guangdong Province,2006—2010

目的通过分析2006—2010年广东省职业中毒发生特点,探讨防治要点。方法收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统2006—2010年网络直报的广东省职业中毒病例,对病例基本情况、职业史、疾病特征、行业分布和企业性质等内容进行描述性分析。结果 2006—2010年共报告职业中毒582例,男性334例(57.38%),女性248例(42.61%),年龄集中在16～48岁之间,中位数为30岁;工龄中位数是1年3个月。报告的死亡病例共8例,死亡率1.37%(8/582)。2006年职业中毒病例最多(151例),每年职业中毒病例占职业病总数从2006年的53.74%(151/281)降至2010年的25.66%(145/565)。病例以慢性职业中毒为主,占70.62%(411/582),引起慢性职业中毒以苯为主,占慢性职业中毒病例的46.96%(193/411);急性职业中毒事故共95起(一般事故89起、重大事故6起),急性中毒171例,引起急性中毒主要为二甲基甲酰胺,占22.81%(39/171)。由有机溶剂引起的职业中毒5年共有439例,占总病例数的75.43%(439/582),其中有机溶剂引起的新发急性中毒事故72起,占急性职业中毒事故起数的75.79%(72/95)。病例主要分布在制造业占62.89%(366/582)。单位规模以小型为主,占35.05%(204/582);经济类型主要以私营独资企业为主,占39.18%(228/582)。同时,发生3例及以上职业中毒事故的工厂数占发生职业中毒事故工厂总数的11.74%(35/298),其中≥10例的工厂有6家占2.01%(6/298)。结论广东省职业中毒发生情况不容乐观,防治重点是慢性职业中毒,特别是有机溶剂类;应重点监督制造业、中小型企业的防治工作,加强健康体检和培训;同时应加强防控群体性职业中毒。

Objective To analyze characteristics of occupational poisoning in Guangdong Province and explore the related control strategy. Methods The data of general information, occupational history, clinical features, industrial distribution, and enterprise property were derived from China National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during 2006 to 2010 and analyzed with descriptive methods. Results There were 582 occupational poisoning cases, including 334 （57. 38% ） male and 248 （42.61% ） female. Their age ranged from 16 to 48 years and the medium of age was 30 years. The medium of the working age was 1 year and 3 months. The total mortality was 1.37% （8/582）. The proportion of occupational poisoning in all occupational diseases reduced from 53.74% （ 151/281 ） in 2006 to 25.66% （145/565） in 2010. Most of the cases were chronic occupational poisoning （70.62%, 411/582）. The major agent inducing chronic occupational poisoning was benzene （46.96% , 193/411 ）. 171 acute poison- ing cases attributed to 95 acute poisoning accidents, including 89 ordinary accidents and 6 grave accidents. The main agent inducing acute occupational poisoning was dimethylformamide （22.81% , 39/171）. Totally, 75.79% （72/95） of the acute occupational poisoning accidents and 75.43% （439/582） of the occupational poisoning cases were caused by organic solvents. And 35.05% （204/582） of the cases occurred in small enterprises and 39.18% （228/582） in sole proprietorship enterprises. 62.89% （366/582）of the eases occurred in manufacturing industry. 11.74% （35/298） of enterprises had more than 3 cases, and 2.01% （6/298） had more than 10 cases. Conclusion Occupational poisoning situation in Guangdong Province was not so optimistic that comprehensive control measures should be focused on chronic occupa- tional poisoning, especially those which were induced by organic solvents. It is critical to focus on the su- pervision of the small and sole proprietorship manufacturing enterprises. Meanwhile, the physical examination and health training should be strengthened according to the laws. More attention should be paid to control the mass occupational poisoning incidents as well.