从“走”的变化看词义演变的复杂性——以民族共同语和广州话为比较

A Study on the Complexity of Word Meaning Development Through the Development of the character "走"(Zou) ——taking the comparison between national common language and Cantonese dialect as an example

"跑"的概念上古汉语说"走"。在现代汉语这个共时的层面上,"走"在共同语表现为后起义"步行"成为"走"的基本义,本义保留在成语里,或只作为语素义用来造词,"跑"替换了"走"。广州话保留了上古义,古代的"走"至今单说单用,作根词大量造词;沿用引申义创制方言词;受普通话影响,以"跑"替代"走"在当代广州青年的口语里极为突出。研究表明:由于词义演变的复杂性,古汉语常用词在共同语和方言里的变化是不可能一致的;又由于广州方言和共同语是不同的词汇系统,表现出来的结果也往往是不同的。

The character ＂ZOU＂ （walking） means ＂PAO＂ （running） in ancient Chinese. However, in Mod- ern Chinese, synchronically, ＂ZOU＂ has evolved into the meaning of ＂walk＂ later, which is now the basic mean- ing of ＂ZOU＂. Its original meaning is kept in traditional Chinese idioms, or is just used as morphemes to create new words. ＂PAO＂ has developed to ＂ZOU＂. In Cantonese dialect, the word ＂ZOU＂ has kept its meaning in ancient Chinese and has been used independently as a root word to create many other new words, which also extend to dialectical words. Influenced by Mandarin, the phenomenon becomes prominent in the spoken language among young Cantonese. It is found that because of the complexity of semantic meanings, the commonly used words in ancient Chinese may have different changes in common language and in dialects. In addition, because Cantonese dialect and common language belong to two different lexical systems, the results of their development also differ.