传统叙事视角下的历史记忆——解读明代小说戏曲中的“倭寇”

The Historical Memory from Traditional Narrative Angle——The Depictions of Wokou in the Novels and Dramas of the Ming Dynasty

明代涉及倭寇描写的小说、戏曲作品约16部,大多产生于晚明时期。在传统叙事视角下,倭寇形象有的是作为过场式的"异族侵略者"而被轻易击败,显得简单而粗糙;有的则是进行了较为细致的刻画,并考虑到当时倭寇成分的复杂性,对其中的中国人首领予以了相对客观的塑造与评述,甚至不乏同情的笔调。倭寇中的日本人形象缺乏足够生动的细节展示则是这些作品共同的缺陷。明代小说、戏曲里的倭寇描写不仅为明清文学人物画廊中增添了一组新的人物类型,而且以通俗文学的样式忠实记录了倭寇肆虐的情形,反映出晚明以后中国人对日本整体认知的恶化。

There are about sixteen novels and dramas relating to Wokou in late Ming Dynasty.Some images of Wokou are defeated easily as ＂alien invader＂,which is simple and rough.The others are depicted in detail.Some works portray the Wokou leaders in Chinese objectively,even in sympathetic writing tone.The images of Wokou of Japanese are lack of details and vividness,which are the common flaw of these works.The images of Wokou in Ming Dynasty＇s novels and dramas not only added a group of new characters to the Ming and Qing literatures,but also recorded situations of Wokou＇s wreak havoc and reflected the deterioration of Chinese people＇s opinion to the Japanese after the late Ming Dynasty.