超越正义何以可能——阿格妮丝·赫勒对马克思正义理论的误读

How Beyond Justice Is Possible——On Agnes Heller's Theory of Justice

赫勒在《超越正义》中提出了超越正义、回归良善生活的构想,界划了三种正义概念:形式的正义概念、伦理的正义概念和政治的正义概念。形式的正义概念必因其内在的矛盾而走向悖论,伦理的正义概念正当补充;现代性的悖论必然会令静态正义走向动态正义;历史哲学的解体势必导致不完备的正义概念取代完备的正义概念。赫勒严重误读了马克思的正义理论,认为马克思的正义理论存在四点"硬伤":过于倚重社会政治的正义概念,缺乏伦理的正义概念;根植于"绝对自由"这一错误假设;将形式的正义概念视为唯一合理的正义概念;本质上是一种"苦难的神正论"。在超越正义这个问题上,赫勒一方面将"超越正义的社会"和"超越正义"混为一谈,另一方面陷入了抽象的主观道德论。马克思主义总是在具体的社会历史现实中探讨正义问题,其超越正义的构想具有双重内涵,为我们的研究提供了科学的方法论指导。

In Beyond Justice, Heller conceives of beyond justice and returning to the good life. She distinguishes three concepts of justice： the formal concept of justice, the ethical concept of justice and the political concept of justice. The formal concept of justice will toward the paradox because of its inherent contradictory. The dynamic justice will replace the concept of static justice. An incomplete concept of justice will arise with the decadence of philosophy of history. Heller misreads Marx＇ s theory of justice. In her view, Marx overemphasizes the political concept of justice and ignores the ethical concept of justice; Marx＇s theory bases on the false idea of absolute freedom; The formal concept of justice becomes the only reasonable concept; In essence, Marx＇s theory is very close to a ＂theodicy of suffering＂. Marxist theory of ＂beyond justice＂ has a dual meaning and it would provide us a scientific guide on methodology.