7Courtney M, Townsend R, Daniel Beauchamp B. Mark Evers, Ken- neth L. Mattox. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery [ M ]. 19th ed. Phila- delphia: Elsevier Inc, 2012 : 462.
8Chon JB, Edit .IF. Delayed diagnosis of duodenal rupture [ J ]. Am Surg, 1994,168 (6) :526.
9Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Malangoni MA, et al. Organ injury scaling, II : Pancreas, duodenum, small bowel, colon, and rectum [ J ]. J Trau- ma, 1990,30 ( 11 ) : 1427-1429.
10Bent RI, Jena GP. Injuries of the abdomen in Zimbabwe-rhodesia [J]. Br J Surg,1980,67(5) :305-310.