形象思维中的相似和相似剩余

Similar and Similarity Surplus in the Figurative Thinking

相似在认识中是一个应用很广的概念 ,有一般的相似应用和形象思维中的相似应用。相似和相似剩余是形象思维的一对主要思维范畴。相似剩余包括 :两个事物形象的不相似部分 ;两个事物形象相比较观察到的“似又不似”现象 ;两个事物形象未被观察到的部分。二物的相似可能表征二物的同一或类同 ,也可能并不表征二物的同一或类同。当二物是否同一并不取决于二者整体的相似幅度的大小时 ,则需要应用相似剩余方法 ,特别是要判明二物有无质态相似剩余。事物类同程度和相似程度的不一致是导致思维判定错误的常见原因 ,是假冒欺骗能够得逞、上当受骗所以发生的思维陷阱。相似和相似剩余范畴的作用还可以迁移到创造思维中。

Similarity is a widely used concept in cognition. There are general similarity application and application of similarity in the figurative thinking. Similar and similarity surplus are a pair of chief categories of figurative thinking. Similarity surplus contains:the different images of two things;like-but-not-quite-alike phynomenon observed when the forms of two things are compared;the part unobserved of two things. The similarity between two things may or may not indicate their identity. When the similarity of two things does not depend on the degree of the similarity of the whole of two things,we must see if there is similarity surplus. The inconsistence of the degrees of identity and of similarity is the cause for wrong judgements,and the trap in thinking for you to be fooled and deceived by taking a fake as genuine. The functions of similar and similarity surplus can also be transferred to creative thinking.