电焊紫外辐射对工人危害及防护措施现况调查

Investigation of occupational hazards of ultraviolet radiation and protective measures for workers in electric welding

目的:调查电焊紫外辐射对作业人员的危害及工人对于防护用品的使用情况,分析典型症状的相关危险因素,为修订我国紫外辐射职业卫生标准提供基础数据。方法:使用自行设计的问卷结合体检对北京市、广东省4家大型车辆制造工厂的828名电焊工及辅工进行现况调查,应用SPSS 16.0软件对调查资料进行统计分析。结果:面部、手部皮肤损伤症状和体征排在前3位的均为灼热刺痛(48.7%、41.3%)、皮肤痒(39%、34.9%)、色素沉着(31.9%、24.5%),眼部损伤症状和体征排在前3位的为疼痛(61.5%)、畏光流泪(61.4%)、视物模糊(50.2%)。面部、手部灼热刺痛、手部潮红及手部斑疹丘疹的发生率在不同工种间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);面部、手部灼热刺痛、潮红、面部感觉迟钝麻木、眼部症状及体征在不同工龄段的发生率相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。使用率较高的防护用品为面罩(87.2%)、长筒皮制手套(84.3%)及护目镜(65.9%),除涂抹紫外防护用品一项外,不同工种防护措施的使用率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对面部灼热刺痛这一典型症状进行Logistic回归分析显示长时间接触电焊弧光(4～6 h、6～8 h)、使用二氧化碳气体保护焊和氩弧焊、不戴防护面罩、不涂抹紫外防护用品为危险因素,工龄为保护因素,其比值比(95%CI)分别为2.665(1.122～6.332)、3.894(1.716～8.836)、1.765(1.272～2.449)、2.052(1.143～3.685)、1.759(1.118～2.768)、1.833(1.116～3.011)、0.440(0.202～0.956)。结论:电焊作业过程中产生的紫外辐射不仅对焊工造成危害,而且对周围的辅工也会有一定的影响,提示电焊车间的作业人员应加强自身防护,穿戴防护服、防护面罩、护目镜、设置焊接隔离屏障等,同时企业应增加采用自动焊接、半自动焊接装置代替传统焊接方式,减少工人接触紫外辐射时间。

Objective：To investigate and analyze the occupational hazards of ultraviolet radiation, pro- tective measures and related factors for typical symptoms among workers in electric welding, and to provide basic information for revision of the occupational standards of UV. Methods：Questionnaires and physical examinations were used in this investigation. A total of 828 workers from four vehicle manufac- turers in Beijing and Guangdong Province were selected. Corresponding analyses were conducted with SPSS 16.0 statistic software. Results：The top three injuries of faces and hands were burning tingling （48.7% ＆ 41.3% ）, itch of skin （39% ＆ 34.9% ） and pigmentation （31.9% ＆ 24.5% ）. The major injuries of eyes were ophthalmodynia （61.5%） , photophobia and tearing （61.4%）, and blurred vision （50.2%）. The incidences of facial and hands burning tingling, hands flushing, hands maeula and papula were significantly different between the welders and auxiliary workers （P 〈 0.05）. The differences of facial and hands burning tingling, flushing, facial disesthesia and anaesthesia, symptoms and signs of eyes were significant in different working years groups （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The top three usages of protective measures were welding masks （87.2%）, gloves （84.3%） and usages of other protective equipments in the auxiliary glasses （65.9%）. Except for UV cut cream, the workers were significantly lower than those in the welders （P 〈 0.05 ）. The logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged exposure to arc welding, using argon arc welding and CO2 gas shielded arc welding, not wearing welding masks, and not using UV cut cream was significantly associated with the increased risk of face burning tingling, and the ORs were 3. 894 （6 h to 8 h）, 2. 665 （4 h to 6 h）, 2. 052, 1. 765, 1. 759, 1. 833, respectively; working years might be a protective factor, and the OR was 0. 440, respectively. Conclusion ： The study suggested that the UV radiation produced during welding operations not only caused harm to welders, but also to the auxiliary workers. Protection should be strengthened, for example, wearing welding masks, glasses, etc. Meanwhile automatic welding machines should be adopted by the factories to reduce the exposure time for workers.