六朝志怪小说的形态学分析

Morphological Analysis on the Mythical Stories of the Six Dynasties

故事形态学是鉴于故事类型学理论的缺陷而构建起来的分析民间文学的一种结构主义叙事理论。故事形态学与故事类型学的区别主要体现在研究中是侧重叙事语法的分析,还是倾向于完整表意片段的探求。用故事形态学的研究方法,可以从六朝志怪小说中归纳出婚姻、复仇和报恩等三类按时间中轴排列的行为功能序列。虽然某些故事可能出现成分的残缺或者成为单一行为功能的叙事片段,但在时序上,它们不会与类型故事发生矛盾和悖反。不同类型的故事通过"嵌套法"结合成为新的结构,这种"嵌套"同样不会扰乱行为功能在时序上的安排。我们通过对六朝志怪小说结构形态以及构型方法的探讨,可以形成对中国传统叙事模式更为清晰直观的认识。

The story morphology is a structuralist theory of narration applied in analysis of folk literature, which has been constructed in view of the defects of the story typology theory. The difference between the story morphology and story typology demonstrated in their emphasizing whether on the analysis on narrative grammar or on the exploring of the integrated ideographic segments. Using the method of story morphology, we can in- duce a diachronic action function order for three types of stories in the mythical stories of the Six Dynasties, i. e. , marriage, revenge and paying a debt of gratitude. Although some stories may lack of one or two elements and become a narrative segments with one single motive function, they will not contradict or against the diachronic order in this type of stories. The stories of different types may be ＂nested＂ into a new structure, yet the ＂nesting＂ will not against the chronicle arrangement of the motive function. The probing into the morpholo- gy and way of structuring of the mythical stories of the Six Dynasties may provide a clearer and direct perspective of Chinese traditional narrative mode.