市民参与型的乡村景观保护——以日本海上森林国营里山公园建设为例

Protection of citizens-participating rural landscape: A case study of state-run Satoyama Park(or Kaisho Forest) in Japan

在日本乡村景观也被称为里山。近年来,普通市民逐渐成为各种里山保护活动的主角。里山保护运动促进了里山的有效管理。本文以日本海上森林国营里山公园建设为例,论述了市民参与在乡村景观保护中的重要作用。爱知世博会时,市民发现海上森林是里山,为保护里山生态系统,日本环保组织和当地市民团体通过努力在世博会会场保留海上森林的里山原貌,会后使它成为纪念世博会的国营公园,并最终获得成功;国营公园倡导会为更好地保护里山,从反对世博会运动转向认可世博会,并制定了将海上森林建成国营里山公园的总体规划。本文提出为了保护里山,里山保护运动要在市民志愿者、行政主体与当地居民之间形成高效的协商协作机制。日本的做法对我国的乡村景观建设具有一定的借鉴意义。一方面,环保组织在保护乡村景观中的作用不容忽视;另一方面,政府应尽快出台乡村景观保护的法律法规,社会应引导大众逐步形成对传统乡村景观的保护意识和观念,并参与到乡村景观的建设和保护中。

Along with increasing global environmental and the population problems,citizens have gradually become protagonis-tic in protection activities of rural landscape,called Satoyama in Japan.Satoyama protection activities have promoted the effec-tive management of Satoyama.This paper used an on-going construction of the Sea Forest Satoyama Park as a proxy and dis-cussed the importance of the role of citizen participation in rural landscape management.During the Aichi World Expo,citizens found that Kaisho Forest was actually about Satoyama.In protecting Kaisho Forest ecosystem,environmental groups and local citizens in Japan took measures to preserve the natural features of Kaisho Forest（the World Expo’s venue） and made it a State Park for commemorating world expos;an element the community eventually attained.The attitude of the State Park advocates towards the World Expo changed from one of opposition to support for the protection of Kaisho Forest.The advocate group went on to draw the overall plan to make Kaisho Forest a State-run Satoyama Park.This paper argued that in protecting Kaisho Forest,building an effective mechanism of consultation cooperation among citizens/volunteers,administration and local residents was imperative.Practical lessons had been learned from state constructions of rural landscapes in Japan.It was recommended,as a matter of urgency,that government issued laws and regulations on rural resources protection.It was good that the society gradu-ally led the mass in developing consciousness about the protection of traditional countryside landscapes and participated in rural landscape constructions.