肺微小结节的临床诊断与治疗

Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment for Patients with Small Pulmonary Nodules

目的探讨直径≤1.0 cm的肺微小结节临床治疗策略,提高该类疾病的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析南京鼓楼医院2005年1月至2011年6月经手术治疗39例患者的临床资料,其中男23例,女16例;年龄31～74(51.0±7.4)岁,9例出现咳嗽、咳痰等症状,其余无明显临床症状。术前均经胸部X线和胸部CT检查发现直径≤1.0(0.8±0.1)cm的肺部微小结节,肺门、纵隔无肿大淋巴结。痰细胞学和电子纤维支气管镜检查均为阴性。所有患者术前均无组织病理学诊断,均行肺功能检查。其中11例行肺部正电子发射计算机扫描术/CT(PET/CT)或单光子发射计算机断层成像术(SPECT)检查,结果均为阴性。13例行胸腔镜辅助小切口手术,26例行单纯胸腔镜手术。结果手术时间(121.0±48.0)min,肺部分切除患者术后住院时间4～5 d,肺叶切除患者术后住院时间7 d,未出现并发症。手术后组织病理学诊断为恶性21例,其中腺癌9例、肺泡细胞癌7例、小细胞癌1例、肺转移瘤4例。良性病变18例,其中硬化性血管瘤4例、炎性假瘤4例、肺炎2例、肉芽肿3例、肺结核2例、肺表面淋巴结增生3例。病灶位于左肺上叶11例,左肺下叶6例;右肺上叶14例,右肺中叶1例,右肺下叶7例。结论孤立性肺结节特别是直径≤1.0 cm微小结节的诊治应首先以恶性对待,以免延误治疗;允许3个月左右的观察,观察期可选择性地使用抗生素治疗,2～4周可重复胸部X线片或CT检查。术前CT引导的金属针定位可帮助手术中探查病变部位。胸腔镜手术或经胸(小切口)活检是目前常用有效的诊疗手段。

Objective To explore the approach of clinical diagnosis and treatment strategy for patients with small pulmonary nodules （SPN） ≤ 1.0 cm in size on CT. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 39 patients with SPN less than 1.0 cm in size who underwent lung resection at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2005 to June 2011. There were 23 males and 16 females. Their age ranged from 31-74 （ 51.0± 7. 4 ） years. Nine patients had cough and sputum and other patients had no symptom. All the patients were found to have SPN less than 1.0 （0. 8 ± 0. 1 ） cm in size but not associated with hilum and mediastinal lymphadenectasis in chest CT and X-ray. The results of their sputum cytology and electronic bronchoscope were all negative. All the patients had no histologic evidence and underwent pulmo- nary function test prior to operation. Eleven patients had positron emission tomography/computer tomography （PET/CT） or single-photon emission computed tomography （SPECT） which was all negative. Thirteen patients underwent video-assisted minithoracotomy （VAMT） and 26 patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery （VATS）. Results The aver- age operation time was 121.0 ± 48.0 min. Patients after partial lung resection were discharged 4 - 5 d postoperatively, and patients after lobectomy were discharged 7 d postoperatively. All the patients had no postoperative complications. Twenty one patients were identified as lung malignancy by postoperative pathology, including 9 patients with adenocarcinoma, 7 patients with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 1 patient with small cell lung carcinoma, and 4 patients with pulmonary metas- tasis. Eighteen patients had benign lesions including 4 patients with sclerosing hemangioma, 4 patients with inflammatory pseudotumor, 2 patients with pneumonia, 3 patients with granuloma, 2 patients with tuberculosis, and 3 patients with pulmonary lymph node hyperplasia. The SPN were located in left upper lobe in 11 patients, left lower lobe in 6 patients, right upper lobe in 14 patients, right middle lobe in 1 patient, and right lower lobe in 7 patients. Conclusion The diagnosis of SPN ≤ 1.0 cm in size on CT should consider malignance in the first step to avoid treatment delay. Patients may have a 3-month observation period to receive selective antibiotic treatment, chest CT and X-ray review after 2 to 4 weeks. CT- guided hook-wire fixation is useful to help in precise lesion localization for surgical resection. VATS and VAMT are common and effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment for SPN.