从“君子”之政到内圣外王:儒家政治理想的起点分析

From the "Politics of the Gentleman" to "Internal Saint and External King":the Start of Confucian Political Ideal

"君子"是儒家思想系统一个重要的概念,自孔子开始,赋旧义之君子以新意,发以德致位之意,明政治道德合一之旨,树立了一种君子道德政治合一的德治理想政治秩序。这种道德政治合一、以德领政的理想在儒家思想的演变中被进一步发展成内圣外王的政治理想。这种道德政治一元化的政治观对中国传统政治的发展产生了深远影响,一方面使中国传统政治在发展中一直遮蔽于道德的形象之下,政治道德化;另一方面由于政治依托于道德广泛的社会作用面,政治被价值化,其作用也被泛化,从而使中国传统政治具有伦理价值色彩。

＂Gentleman＂ is is a significant conception in The Analects of Confucius. Confucius provided ＂Gentleman＂ with a new meaning, to express the ideas of governing by moral and the unification of moral and politics. As a result, it set an ideal political system in which moral and politics was well unified. In the evolvement of the traditional chinese politics, the idea of combining moral and politics, and governing on the basis of moral slowly developed into the idea of＂king of the country but sage of the people＂, which had profound influence on traditional chinese politics. On one hand, traditional chinese politics was shiel- ded by the image of moral so that politics was moralised, on the other, because politics relied on the comprehensive fuction of moral in society, politics was judged by its value, making its range of function much too wide. Because of the two reasons a-bove, traditional chinese politics has a distinct characteristic of ethic.