巴别尔与高尔基之创作交往考——一种文学类型转换的侧影书写

On Literary Communication between Isaac Babel and Maksim Gorky: A Profile Writing of Transformation of Literary Style

在19-20世纪之交的俄罗斯文学史上,知识分子的精神生活和私人交往,在很大程度上构成了"白银时代"俄国文坛百家争鸣、百花齐放的复调景象和对话特质。文学大师高尔基与文学天才巴别尔之间的创作交往,成为知识分子相互对话、彼此关注、精神契合的典型个案之一。二人之交长达20年,极富传奇色彩,大致可分为发现与提携期、建议与保护期、指导与批评期三个不同阶段。其中,高尔基以巨大的文学声望、非凡的人格魅力和高度的文化权威,在交往过程中处于主导地位,起着主动作用。二人的创作交往,从侧面反映出20世纪二三十年代从白银时代文学到苏维埃文学类型转换与过渡之际,俄国文坛流派的复杂多样与思想文化的混乱丰富;同时也体现出面对集权专制时,知识分子对精神独立的追求与对自我内心的坚守。由此,对巴别尔与高尔基之间创作交往的考察和解析,成为管窥从白银时代文学到苏维埃文学之类型转换之际的一种侧影书写和一枚鲜活标本,不仅具有阐释知识分子进行文学创作与精神交往的本体论价值,而且蕴含识读当代文学变迁、文化走向、知识谱系建构、话语分析阐释的思想史意义。

In the Russian literature history at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries, the spiritual life and personal communication of intellectuals, to a great degree, form the polyphonic vision and dialogic character in the Russian literary world in Silver Age. In this cultural background, the communication between the literary master Maksim Gorky and the literary genius Isaac Babel becomes one of the representative cases of intellectuals＇ mutual dialogue between and spiritual attention to each other. Their intimate association, which lasted twenty years, was full of surprises and legends. Generally speaking, their communication can be divided into three periods： period of discovery, period of suggestion and period of guide. In the relationship with Babel, Gorky stood in the leading station and played an initiative pole with his great literary reputation, personal fascination and cultural authority. Their communication partially reveals that the literary world in the transformation period from Russian Silver Age to Soviet literature is complicated, and that the cultural ideology is in confusion. Meanwhile, it shows Russian intelligentsia＇ s perseverance with their psychic independence in the face of authoritarianism. So reviewing and analyzing the literary communication between Isaac Babel and Maksim Gorky forms a profile writing and fresh sample of the transformation of literary style from Russian Silver Age to Soviet literature. It not only contains noumenon value about intellectual literary production and spiritual communication, but also represents ideology meaning about contemporary literary transformation, cultural tendency, knowledge pedigree construction and discourse interpretation.