篮球鞋对主动与被动落地时冲击力特征和肌肉活化的影响

Influence of basketball shoes on impact force and muscle activation during active and passive landing

目的探讨人体在主动和被动落地过程中,穿着篮球鞋对落地冲击力特征和下肢相关肌群活化程度的影响。方法选取具备强缓冲性能的篮球鞋作为测试用鞋,并辅以对照鞋。12名球类专项男运动员作为受试者,在翻板器上完成包括由低到高3种下落高度和2种下落方式(主动落地反跳和被动着地)在内的着地动作。利用测力台和肌电分析系统同步采集冲击力和下肢5块主要肌群的EMG信号。结果主动落地反跳时,穿着篮球鞋并没有对冲击力的振幅和频率以及下肢肌群的激活程度产生影响;但被动着地时,穿着篮球鞋却能够显著降低冲击力和负载率的峰值,减小冲击频率(P<0.05),同时显著降低下肢各主要肌群的后激活程度(P<0.05)。结论在主动控制完成动作的情况下,运动鞋影响冲击力和肌肉活化的效果并不明显;然而当人体未完全控制着地状态时,篮球鞋能够改变输入于下肢的冲击力信号,达到缓冲避震并适当减小肌肉活化的效果,为避免落地时运动损伤的发生及机能节省化起到了积极的作用。

Objective To explore the influence of basketball shoes on impact force and corresponding muscle ac- tivation in the lower limb during the active and passive landing. Methods Twelve male ball players wearing two types of shoes （basketball shoes with cushioning insole vs. control shoes） performed the jump drop and passive landing from three different height on the tiltable platform. The dynamometric platform and electromyography （EMG） measurement system were used to collect the impact forces and EMG data from 5 major muscles in the lower limb simultaneously. Results As for the active drop jump, wearing basketball shoes didn＇ t have any effect on the amplitude/frequency of impact forces and muscle activation in the lower limb. However, during the passive landing, wearing basketball shoes could significantly decrease the amplitude of impact forces, the peak loading rate and the input frequency （ P 〈 0. 05）, and the post-activation of major muscles in the lower limb were also significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions During the active landing, the intervention of footwear shows no significantly influence on characteristics of impact forces and muscle activation. However, when the human body does not under the full control of landing, wearing basketball shoes can change the input frequency, decrease the muscle post-activation, and play a positive role in preventing the sports injuries and enhancing the metabolic efficiency during the landing.