“主体”概念献疑——马克思主义哲学研究中的主客体框架批判

Questioning the Concept of "Subject"——A Critique of the Subject-Object Schema in Marxist Philosophy Study

三十多年来,马克思主义哲学研究往往按照主客体的框架来思考问题,它们用能动性和自主性来定义主体,而这样定义的主体首先应该是客体而不是主体。这是因为,这样的主体都是在一定的社会历史条件下被塑造起来。从主客体框架来思考哲学问题的研究思路是由启蒙运动以来近代哲学所确立起来的。把马克思主义哲学研究局限在这种近代哲学的框架中,使它无法有说服力地探讨具体的社会历史条件对人的制约,无法深入社会历史的微观领域,从参与者的视角来探讨哲学问题。

Since 1978, scholars have studied the Marxist philosophy according the subject-object sche- ma, and defined subject with autonomy and initiativity, but the ＂Subject＂ defined as such should be regarded as object, rather than subject. It is only because that this kind of subject is brought up under certain social- historical conditions. The subject-object schema with which scholars do their philosophical research was set up by modem philosophy since enlightenment. To restrict Marxist philosophy in the schema of modem philosophy will make it difficult for Marxism to deal with the problem of restriction which the social-historical conditions have on human beings, and make it difficult for Marxism to study the micro-area of social history, to think philosophical problems from the participant perspective.