儿童自我意识的发展变化特征

The developmental characteristics of children's self-consciousness

目的研究儿童自我意识随年龄增长的变化特征及可能的影响因素。方法对1 630个7～16岁的儿童按年龄分组,进行儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)测量和自编生活状态问卷(LCS)调查,比较自我意识量表的得分并分析其与生活状态的关系。结果 (1)小年龄组儿童的量表分男女均无统计学差异(t=1.280,P=0.202),大年龄组儿童在行为、智力与学校情况、合群、幸福与满足感及总分上,女孩得分高于男孩(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)在行为、躯体外貌与属性、焦虑和总分上大年龄组高于小年龄组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(3)小年龄组自我意识与生活状态相关性差,大年龄组相关性好,其中学习成绩、生活事件、自我评价及与父母关系与量表均有相关性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论儿童自我意识受自身成长及外界环境的影响,呈现曲线发展。

Objective To study the developmental characteristics of children＇s self-consciousness changing with age and possible correlated factors. Methods 1 630 children aged 7 to 16 years old were classified into 4 groups by age, then were assessed with Piers-Harris Children＇s Self-Consciousness Scale （PHCSS） and Life Conditions Survey （LCS）. The difference of score of PHCSS among the 4 groups was analyzed, as well as the correlation between score of PHCSS and LCS. Results （ 1 ） There was no significant gender difference in score of PHCSS in low-age group （ t = 1. 280, P = 0. 202）. However, sub-scores of girls on behavior （t = -4. 713, P =0. 000） , intelligence ＆ school conditions （t = - 2. 351, P=0.019）, gregariousness （t = -5. 602, P=0.000） happiness ＆ satisfaction （ t = - 2. 116, P = O. 035 ） and the total score （t = -3. 456, P =0. 001 ） were significantly higher than those of boys in high -age group. （2） Subscores of behavior （ F = 4. 008, P = 0. 007）, physical appearance ＆ attributes （ F = 2. 989, P = 0. 030）, anxiety （ F = 14. 802, P = 0. 000） and total score （ F = 2. 654, P = 0. 047 ） in high-age group were significantly higher than those in low-age group. （3） There was a low correlation between score of PHCSS and score of LCS in low-age group, but a high correlation in high-age group, especially on life events （ r = - 0. 469, P = 0. 000）, self-evaluation （ r = 0. 310, P = 0.003 ）, et al. Conclusion Children ＇s self - consciousness was affected by its own development and the external environment. It displays a curve developmental trajectory.