煤矿区土地覆盖与景观格局变化研究

Analyzing land cover and landscape pattern change in coal mining area

以徐州市西矿区2000,2005和2010年Landsat TM/ETM+影像为基础数据源,在遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下,采用土地覆盖/土地利用和景观生态学原理,对遥感影像进行支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)分类,土地覆盖变化分析和景观格局变化分析,探讨了煤炭开采对矿区土地覆盖变化和景观格局演变的规律。结果表明,近10 a来耕地始终占据矿区土地覆盖的主导类型,其次为建设用地,因此两者之间以及与其他类型的转化成为矿区土地覆盖变化的主要部分。未利用土地的土地覆盖变化幅度和年变化率最大,成为矿区土地覆盖变化的重要组成部分;建设用地和未利用土地的面积先减少后增加,耕地和水体的面积先增加后减少,水体面积的增加主要是由于采矿造成地面塌陷导致积水的形成,林地面积前期变化极小,后期增加。2000—2010年间,矿区景观类型中的建设用地、耕地以及未利用土地经历了一个由大破碎度到小破碎度、再由小破碎度到大破碎度的过程,矿区内各景观的聚集度在2005年达到最高,多样性指数呈增加趋势,矿区生态系统正朝着多样性、均匀化的方向发展。

Based on the principle of land cover/land use, the landscape ecology and Support Vector Machine（SVM） , it was proposed that three temporal （the year of 2000,2005,2010） remote sensing TM/ETM ＋ images of western Xuzhou coal mining area was classified, then analyzed and quantified the dynamic variation rules of the land cover change and landscape pattern combining the Remote Sensing （RS） with Geographic Information System （GIS）. The following results are obtained that the cropland always is the mainland cover type of the mining area during the ten years, then the construction land, therefore the transformation between the two types and other types are the main part of the mining area. The most of land cover change and annual rate change is unused land, thus become an important part of the mining area ; the area of construction land and unused land is first decreased and then increased, on the contrary with the cropland and water. The increasing of water is chiefly transformed from the mining subsidence water. The woodland is least unchanged from 2000 to 2005 but increases from 2005 to 2010. The landscape type of the construction land, cropland the unused land in the mining area are changed from large fragmentation to small fragmentation, and then small fragmentation to large fragmentation between 2000 and 2010. The aggregation achieves the highest in 2005, so diversity index is continually increased and the ecosystem of mining area is turning to the diversification and homogenization.