行政许可后续监管体系中双罚制引入问题研究

Two-tie Punishment System Introduced into Follow-up Supervision in Administrative Licensing Matters

组织监管异质性是将双罚制引入组织型行政许可监管责任体系之基本前提。组织违法结构双层特性决定了单罚制所具有的"敲山震虎"式监管缺憾;组织规模特性加剧了行政许可持有人监管事实信息优势地位,降低了其违法成本与难度,而"熟人"监管背景特性则放大了组织型行政许可持有人"管制俘虏"能力。双罚制具有两个层面的制度价值:一是作为监管惩戒机制,其增强了行政许可持有人违法阻却力量,加大了行政许可持有人违法成本;二是作为守法责任传递机制,双罚制在驱动行为个体自律的同时,也在倒逼组织自律,激发组织守法内生动力的生成。双罚制的科学合理建构需以解决适用范围、责任分配、行为责任个体确定三个方面的标准问题为支撑。

Introduction of the two-tier punishment system into the organization-modeled administrative licensing supervision is premised on the heterogeneity of organizational supervision The two-tier punishment system is cherished for it may,as a supervisory as well as punitive regime,deter the license holder from law violation while increase his/her cost thereof,and as a ＂legal liability forwarder＂ compel the organization to be more self-disciplined and more consistent with law while improving individual＇s being self-disciplined.To establish a scientific two-tier punishment system,problems involved with its range of application,liability contribution,and ascertainment of the person bearing the liability are required to solve at first hand.