《系年》“故志”说——清华简《系年》性质及撰作背景刍议

The Statement of Xinian(系年)Relates to Guzhi(故志)——The analysis of character and background abou Xinian

新近发布的《清华大学藏战国竹简》第2辑内容为《系年》,系一篇完整的先秦史书。综观全篇,似乎很难说是编年体,而是前所未见的一类先秦史籍。《系年》以记事为主,作者有意将历史上的治乱兴衰结合现实,有以史为鉴的意味。《系年》作者的视野不局限于楚国,目前来说它还不能被肯定为楚人作品。通过对《系年》虚词的初步分析,尤其是连词"及"的用法,可以看出其用词风格不同于一般的楚地文献,而且《系年》的素材来源当是复杂的。鉴于《系年》这一体例独特的佚籍与失传的"志"类文献存在诸多吻合,认为它很可能正是"志"类文献至少是类似于"志"的文献,可能还具有教材的品格。《系年》的体例与"志"最为接近,将其归入"故志"的大范畴是适宜的。《楚居》可视作一部"邦国之志",而记载列国史事的《系年》则有"四方之志"的性质。《系年》虽非《春秋》类的编年体史书,但其写作的时代背景,与"诗亡然后《春秋》作"有关。

The second volume of the newly published Bamboo Slips Collected by Tsinghua University is calledXinian, which is a pre-Qin history book. Throughout the whole book, it seems difficult to define this book was in annalistic style but actually, it was a pre-Qin history book unseen before. Xinian is narrative primarily. The author intentionally combined rise and fall in history with reality, and there are some significances of learning from history. The vision of the author is not limited to Chu（楚）, and Xinian can not be considered as Chu＇s work presently.Through preliminary analysis of the function words in Xinian, especially the usage of conjunction ＂and＂, we can see the wording style is different from general Chu literature. Moreover, the material source of the Xinian should be complex. In view of this unique style lost book has a lot of similar contents to lost Zhi（志）. This article holds the view that Xinian probably is Zhi, at least similar to the literature of Zhi, and it may have the character of the teaching materials. The style of the Xinian is the closest to Zhi. Therefore, classifying it to Guzhi is appropriate. Chuju（楚居） may be regarded as a ＂state＇ s historical records＂, while Xinian which recorded the nation＇s historical events may be ＂world＇s historical records＂. Though the Xinian is not a chronological history book as the Chunqiu（春秋）, its writing background relates to ＂Poetry died out then the Chunqiu appeared＂.