中国生态工业园区发展模式研究

Study of Eco-industrial Park Development Mode in China

中国生态工业园区发展已逾10年。本文综述了国家生态工业示范园区的发展概况,总结了其发展特点和实践启示,构建了中国生态工业示范园区发展模式图,以期对1 500余家国家级和省级开发区的生态化发展提供借鉴。中国生态工业园区在发展过程中形成了"有标准可依,依标准建设,据标准考核,示范试点带动,建立长效机制"的发展路线图,由政府、市场和企业三个方面共同推进,从微观、产业集群、园区和社会四个层面建设实践。微观层面,以企业为主体,通过理念革新和技术进步,提高资源生产力和资源能源利用效率,减少废弃物产生量。产业集群层面,引入龙头企业,带动产业集群,构建"园中园"的发展模式,提升竞争力和环境管理。园区层面,完善基础设施,积极发展热电冷多联供,实施清洁能源和可再生能源替代,及再生水回用。宏观层面,实现基础设施和服务在更大区域内的延伸共享,加强社会分工,鼓励公众参与,提高公众的生态环保意识,实现经济、环境和社会和谐发展。

It has been more than ten years since the launching of eco-industrial park （EIP） development program in China. This study reviewed the development of Chinese EIP, including the history, characteristics, and developing mode. A four-step roadmap of national demonstrative EIP program has been clearly rooted by the central government, which includes setting up standards and guidelines, retrofitting development zones towards EIP vision, performance checking and accrediting, establishing permanent mechanism for EIP development. We put forward a generalized mode of Chinese EIP development with the aim to present a guide for eco-industrial development for the more than 1 500 national and provincial development zones in China. The role of the central government, the link and cooperation between enterprises, and exercise of enterprises to the implementation of EIP development have been analyzed. In practice, EIP development can be implemented at four levels ： firm level, industrial cluster level, park level, and society level. At the firm level, the major aim is to improve the efficiency and productivity of resources and energy, and to reduce waste generation at the source. It is very important to foster industrial clusters, which will make significant contributions to both the economic development and environmental protection by achieving a mode of ＇ clusters in park＇. At the park level, sharing of infrastructure is the core. Moreover, co-generation of power, heat, and cold, replacement of coal by natural gas and renewable energy, and reuse of reclaimed water are the future trends of EIP development. On the societal level, there is a growing quest for promoting environmental quality in development zones. A win-win-win of economic, society, and environment protection has become the target for national demonstrative EIP program, which will be fulfilled by promoting public infrastructure such as residence, career training, education, transportation, and communications. Besides, pubhe consciousness of environmental protection, government-guiding green consumption and sustainable consumption are also indispensable for EIP development.