公众参与自然资源管理的实践模式——基于国内外典型案例的对比研究

Practical Modes of Public Participation in Natural Resource Management:Comparative Analysis of Typical Cases of Domestic and Foreign Countries

在自然资源管理过程中引入公众参与是为了满足公众自身利益,提高决策的科学性,最终达到自然资源效率提升和可持续利用的双重目标。选取发达国家和发展中国家具有代表性的典型案例,进行对比分析;侧重于主导发起主体的不同,归纳出三种参与模式,进而对模式特点、模式间比较以及模式的整体演变过程进行阐析;以发展中国家中国为例,提出在中国实施公众参与自然资源的措施建议和路径导向。结论如下:①发达国家公众参与自然资源管理模式呈现出参与行为的法律化、参与主导的非政府化、参与意识的增强化和参与主体的广泛化特点,而发展中国家的参与模式则呈现出参与主导的政府化、参与意识的淡薄化和参与途径的单一化特点;②依据发起主体不同,公众参与自然资源管理的模式分为政府主导发起型参与、非政府主导发起型参与和公众自觉发起型参与,并按照参与认知水平的提升而不断演进;③在中国实施公众参与自然资源过程中,要提升公众参与认知水平,强化法律保障建设,转变主导发起者角色,拓宽参与途径,从而实现自然资源的可持续利用。

The introduction of public participation in natural resource management process is helpful to meeting the public interest, to improving scientific decision-making, and ultimately to achieving the dual goals of improving efficiency and sustainable use of natural resources. This paper selects some typical cases of developed and developing countries to make a comparative analysis. In view of different imitiators, this paper sums up the three public participation modes, and then analyzes the characteristics of modes, the comparison among them and the overall evolution of these modes. Take the developing country ： China for example, the paper proposes some effective measures for China＇ s public participation in natural resources. Conclusions are as follows ： （ 1 ） The models of public participation in natural resources management of developed countries have some features, such as legal behaviors, non-government participation initiation, enhancing awareness and a wide range of participants. However, the features of developing courtries participation is contrary to developed countries ; （ 2 ） Models of public participation in natural resources management are divided into government-initiated participation, non-government-initiated participation and public awareness participation, been evolving the promotion of cognitive level of participation; （ 3 ） In the process of public participation in natural resources of China, we should promote cognitive level of public participation, strengthen the construction of legal protection, change the role of leading sponsors, broaden the participation pathway, so as to achieve the sustainable use of natural resources.