南北朝时期汉语词汇的南北差异研究——以《魏书》、《宋书》任职语义场的比较为例

Chinese Lexical Differences between the North and South in the North and South Dynasties——A Case Study on the Position-awarding Semantic Fields of Weishu and Songshu

成书于南北朝时期的《魏书》、《宋书》的写作语言分别为当时的北方通语和南方通语。对二书进行比较发现:二书任职语义场成员与其他词语的组合方式主要有"动词+官职名称"、"动词+地名"等,没有明显的地域差异;但二书任职语义场除了共同的成员"为"、"历"、"作"、"参"、"解褐"、"兼"、"领"、"行"、"录"、"摄"、"带"、"假"、"署"之外,《魏书》还使用"典"、"位",说明其主要通行于南北朝时期的北方地区,在《宋书》中使用而在《魏书》中罕见的"临"、"……行事",主要通行于南方地区,这就明显反映出汉语词汇的南北差异;二书都使用具备新兴义的"历"、"带",可见北朝汉语的趋新程度并不逊于南朝。

Weishu and Songshu are historical works written in the North and South Dynasties representing the common language used at that time respectively. By comparing the semantic fields of position-awarding terms and with reference to contemporary documents, we found that the two works mainly employ the structural patterns of ＂verb ＋ position name＂ and ＂verb ＋ place name＂ for the position-awarding semantic field members, and no obvious regional differences are discovered. As for the semantic field members themselves, however, there exist conspicuous differences. Besides the use of ＂wei li , zuo , can , jiehe＂, ＂jian＂, ＂ling , xing＂, ＂lu＂, ＂she＂ ,＂dai＂, ＂jia＂ and ＂shu＂ in the common members of the two semantic fields, ＂dian＂ and ＂wei＂ are used in Weishu indicating their common employment in the North. Yet ＂lin＂ and ＂ ...xingshi＂ used in Songshu rarely appear in Weishu, which indicates that their popularity in the South. Moreover, both works adopted semantically new characters ＂li＂ and ＂dai＂, which suggests the tendency towards new vocabulary in the North Dynasty is as great as that in the South Dynasty.