美国政府对私立学校的责任述评

A Review of Governmental Responsibilities for Private Schools in the US

在美国教育现代化的进程中,联邦宪法立教条款在政府与私立学校之间所设置的严格壁垒开始瓦解。自20世纪初,在一系列联邦最高法院判例法的主张之下,美国政府对私立学校逐步形成了资助与管理并行的责任与立场。美国政府对私立学校的资助是在公、私学校对等的原则框架内展开,以学生资助为其基本的形式;政府对私立学校拥有管理权,但管理有合理的限度。联邦政府是私立学校的主要资助者,州政府的资助相对有限,但州政府是私立学校外部管理的主体。进入21世纪,越来越多的州通过教育券和教育费用税赋宽减等政策逐步加大对私立学校的公共资助,随之而来私立学校的政府规制将会增加。

From 1920s onward, governments have begun to render assistance to and put regulation on private schools under a series of US federal case laws. In a framework of equality, American governments provide private schools educational services and financial supports in the form of student assistance, to which students of public schools are also entitled. In the US, governments have the necessary power to regulate private schools. The Federal government is the major sponsor with the state government offering limited support but key administration. American governments＇ regulation of private schools has been state-based, and exercised in a limited way. Since entering the 21st century, more states have begun to strengthen public assistance to private schools through voucher and tax credit, and thus US, private schools have to comply with a higher degree of government regulation.