从“双重宗教”看西双版纳傣族社会的双重性——一项基于神话与仪式的宗教人类学考察

Duality of Xishangbanna Reflected in its Dual Religions: A Study of Mythology and Rituals from the Perspective of Religious Anthropology

作为中缅之间的缓冲地带,历史上西双版纳受到来自中国和印度两重文明的影响。这些影响以土司制度和南传上座部佛教的佛寺组织为制度渠道,形塑了当地社会。为了在这种文明的碰撞中生存,西双版纳社会发展出自身的特点:在政治上倾向于中国,在宗教上倾向于缅甸;而作为本土王权代表的土司,成为两者之间的桥梁。出于这种整合的压力,在面对佛教这种外来宗教的时候,土司和贵族也有自己所要依靠的宗教宇宙观——后者通过勐神祭祀的仪式确保了占有土地的合法性。土地和丰产不是由佛教掌握,而是形成了与之对立的另一套宗教观念,在这一套宗教观念里,表达了对社会整体丰产的追求,它和佛教对个人救赎的追求相配合,构成了西双版纳社会的自我。

Like a buffer zone between China and Myanmar, Xishangbanna was under the dual influence of India and China, which found expression in the Tusi system and the Southern Buddhist organizations. In this cultural conflict, Xishangbanna was oriented to- ward China politically and towards Myanmar religiously while Tusi as the local royalty became the bridge between the two. Facing the introduced Buddhism, Tusi and local noblemen had their own religious concept of the universe and the noblemen had the legal owner- ship of land through the ritual of Meng God. There was an opposite religion that reflected the pursuit of the whole harvest, compatible with the concept of individual salvation, and it helped make Xishangbanna with its own features.