俄罗斯地区立法机关选举研究

On Russian Regional Legislative Elections

2011年杜马选举后俄罗斯爆发了大规模的民众抗议。舞弊问题,特别是对于俄罗斯政治缺乏竞争的不满,是民众抗议的主要动因。对俄罗斯地区选举改革的分析,可以发现俄罗斯地区选举制度和政党制度,对于"政权党"存在一定的制度性扶持,这是政治竞争缺乏的重要原因之一。普京在第二任期开始了俄罗斯地区选举改革,目标是加强政党,尤其是联邦型政党在地区政治中的作用,降低地区政治精英的影响,维护联邦的统一和稳定。改革后,一方面政党作用得到大幅提升,国家稳定得到巩固;另一方面,地区选举制度从客观上对于"政权党"更为有利。比例代表制在地区选举中的广泛使用,以及其所涉及的选举名单形式、选举保证金、选举签名、门槛线和席位分配方法等各方面因素,在整个选举过程中为政权党提供了一定的制度性保障。

Protests against 2011 Duma Elections have been spreading across Russia. Election fraud, dissatisfaction against lack of competition in Russian politics in particular, is the main reason behind the mass protection. Through analysis on Russian regional electoral reforms, we find Russian regional electoral system and party system has certain institutional support for the ＂Party of Power＂. This is one of the important reasons for lack of competition in Russian politics. During Putin＇s second term, he started regional and municipal electoral reforms. The reforms aim at strengthening the role of political parties, especially the role of federal parties inregional politics, reducing influences of regional political elites and maintaining unity as well as stability of the federal. After the reform, on one hand the role of parties has been greatly enhanced and Russian stability has been consolidated. On the other hand, objectively regional electoral system is more beneficial to ＂Party of Power＂. This paper will analyze the widespread use of proportional electoral system in Russian regional and municipal elections, as well as factors including related forms of electoral lists, electoral deposit, electoral signature, threshold and seat distribution method, which has provided certain institutional guarantee for Party of Power during the whole electoral process.