战国作者的托名传播

On Authors of the Warring States Period Who Disseminate Their Own Works on the Pretext of the Ancient and Modern Celebrities

所谓托名,是指作者假托古今名流传播自己的作品。托名现象的产生以作品署名为前提。从商周到春秋时期,由于作者的署名意识没有觉醒,因此不存在署名问题。作者署名意识的觉醒始于战国,由于作品可以给作者带来巨大的精神荣誉和物质奖赏,同时也是出于区分学派的需要,战国作者开始在自己的作品上署名。有些作者考虑到自己声名不够,为了使自己的作品更快更好地流传于世,便假托古今名人进行传播。战国作者托名情形大致可分四类:一是托现实人物之名;二是托历史人物之名;三是托传说人物之名;四是弟子后学的作品被人托名。战国作者托名传播确实取得了很大的成效,许多作品都是借助于古今名人效应而得以传世,有些传世作品具有重要的学术价值。战国托名传播在后世流弊甚远,它使人看不清中国文学史的某些环节,给后人考证文献真伪带来了很大的困扰。

The so-called ＂on the pretext of the name of others＂ means that authors disseminated their own works on the pretext of the ancient and modem celebrities. The practice was based on the authors＇ signatures. From Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Spring and Autumn Period, because the authors had no consciousness of signing their names on their works there were no problems in signa- ture. The awakening of authors＇ signature began in the Warring States Period, because works could bring tremendous spirit honors and material rewards to authors, and it is necessary to distinguish be- tween school, those who wants to make themselves more famous also disseminated their own works on the pretext of the ancient and modem celebrities. The practice of the so - called ＂on the pretext of the name of others＂ could be roughly divided into four categories ：first ,on the pretext of the name of the real people;second, on the pretext of the name of historical figures;third, on the pretext of the name of the legendary figures ; fourth, the works of the disciples and followers were signed by others. Authors＇ disseminating their works on the pretext of the name of others made great achievements in the Warring States Period, and many works were handed down with the help of ancient and modem celebrity effect. Some of them have significant academic value. This practice affects the later ages, and obscures certain links of history of Chinese literature, causing a lot of problems in distinguishing authenticity of ancient works.