实物资料所见汉代诸“曹”丛考

On Studying "Zhu Cao" in Han Dynasty through Physical Data

根据实物资料所见,汉代政府机构的"诸曹"远不像文献所载的简单。实物资料中便有十三个文献所遗的"曹",分别为:科曹、戍曹、从曹、塞曹、谷曹、计曹、士曹、祠曹、供曹、库曹、献曹、比曹和漕曹。这新发现的"曹"多属东汉时期,大部分为郡政府所设的独立机构,职权较为具体。它们反映了"诸郡各有旧俗,诸曹名号往往不同"的现象,又反映了古代政府机构职权范围越来越大、设置越来越庞杂的现象。

According to the physical data, ＂the cao＂ of the Han dyrasty government is not far from the literature contained simple. There are thirteenLiterature in physical data about ＂cao＂ hich including,ke cao. shu cao.cong cao.saicao.gu cao.ji cao.shi cao.ci cao.gong cao.ku cao.xian cao.bi cao.and cao cao. This new discovery of＂ Cao＂ is in the Eastern Hart Dynasty, most of the county government set up independent institutions, their functions and powers are more specific. They not only reflect＂ the county each have only, the name is often different from Cao＂v phenomenon, but also reflect the ancient government agencies mandate is much bigger, set more complex phenomenon.