俄国1861年改革酝酿时期主要派别的政治主张及其影响

The Political View and the Influences of Main Factions during the Brewing Period of Russian Reform in 1861

俄国1861年改革酝酿时期,保守派、自由派和激进派在农奴制度的存废、对农民让步的程度和改革的方式等问题上既有共识,又有分歧。自由派和激进派对农奴制度坚决说"不",保守派则经历了由反对到被迫容忍废除农奴制度改革的转变。保守派坚持农民无土地获得自由,自由派则主张农民有土地获得解放,激进派并不满足于此,要求废除包括地主土地所有制在内的任何土地私有制,实现土地公有。保守派与自由派赞成自上而下的改革方式;激进派则认同自下而上的方式。各派别对改革法令的制定产生了不同程度的影响。

During the brewing period of the 1861＇s reform in Russia, the conservative, the liberal and the radical has both consensus and different opinions about keeping or abolishing the serf institution, the concession degree for the serfs, the mode of the reform and some other problems. The liberal and the radical are dead set on saying ＂No＂ for the serf institution, the conservative＇s opinion about abolishing the serf institution chan- ges from opposition to being forced to receive it. The conservative insisted that the serf should be emancipated without land, the liberal argued that the serf should get free and acquire their land, whereas the radical demanded abolishing any private land ownership and realizing public ownership of land. The conservative and the liberal agreed with the reform from the top down, but the radical argued for reform from the bottom up.