美国科罗拉多河高速水流实验对下游水生生态系统的影响及启示

Impacts of the High-speed Water Flow Experiments in Colorado River of USA and Implications to the Downstream Ecosystem Management

科罗拉多河的适应性管理处于世界领先水平。美国为研究格伦峡谷大坝对下游水生生态系统的影响而进行了3次高速水流实验,取得了显著的生态效益,也积累了许多宝贵经验。分析显示,利益相关方参与是该实验成功的体制保障,跟踪监测与评估是实验成功的技术保障,闸坝适应性调度是河流保护与管理的有效手段。该实验的实施过程和效果对我国闸坝调度有许多有益的启示。例如,对下游水生生物和湿地生态系统的保护应作为闸坝调度的目标之一,应加强闸坝适应性调度的实验和研究,促进利益相关方参与河流保护与管理。

The adaptive management of the Colorado River in USA is well known worldwide. US government agencies and scientists have conducted three experiments on high-speed water flow to study the impacts of Glen Canyon Dana on the aquatic ecosystems in the lower reaches of the river. These experiments have not only generated significant ecological benefits, but accumulated a wealth of experience in this field. The research showed that the participation of stakeholders is the key to the success of these experiments institutionally, while monitoring and assessment provide strong technical support for the successful execution of such experiments, and dam adaptive regulation serves as an effective tool to protect and manage the river. China can learn a lot in terms of dam regulation from the execution processes and outcomes of the experiments on the Colorado River. Protecting the aquatic wildlife and wetland ecosystem in the lower reaches of a river should be integrated as one of the objectives of dana regulation. In addition, experiments and researches on dam adaptive regulation should be enhanced, and the relevant stakeholders should be more involved in the river protection and management.