中国劳动供求态势变化、问题与对策

General Trends of Labor Supply and Demand in China:Problems and Policy Options

本文分析了劳动供给和需求态势的变化,认为我国无限劳动供给时代已经结束,"招工难"具体地反映了劳动供求形势所发生的根本性变化,这一变化虽然并不意味着劳动力数量绝对短缺,但意味着劳动者工资只有实现合理增长才能保持劳动力资源充分供给。综合劳动供求变化,本文进一步探讨了当前劳动力市场的形势和问题,认为虽然从统计数字来看我国城镇失业率继续保持较低水平,但劳动力市场形势并不令人乐观,实际失业率水平仍然较高,同时就业的结构性矛盾越来越突出。为实现充分就业,我国仍然需要保持经济适度快速增长,同时需要改善就业质量,让劳动者更加公平地分享经济增长成果。

From the perspective of demographic change and economic growth respectively, this paper discusses the changes of trends in labor supply and demand, and concludes that unlimited supply of labor has ended in China, which is clearly reflected in the phenomena of ＂difficulty in recruiting new workers＂ The fundamental change in the relationship between labor supply and demand does not mean the absolute shortage of labors, but it does mean that sufficient supply of labors will be determined by reasonable growth of pay for workers. The paper also explores the general situation of labor market in China, and concludes that job creation is still a priority in spite of low unemployment rate because labor participation rate has decreased for last ten years, which is a severe labor market outcome. At the same time, the structural problems in labor market are becoming more and more severe. To realize sufficient employment, it is still necessary for China toguarantee economic growth while improving job quality and increasing gains of workers from the economic growth.