不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析

Analysis of dry matter accumulation and translocation for winter wheat cultivars with different yields on dryland

旱地小麦高产栽培中品种起着重要作用,研究不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异,对黄土高原旱区作物高产稳产有重要意义。以9个旱地冬小麦品种为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率、叶面积、SPAD值以及光合速率的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均存在明显差异。与不施肥相比,高、中、低3个产量水平小麦品种在低养分投入时,成熟期生物量分别提高29%,22%和6%,高水平时分别提高46%,39%和23%,高产品种的生物量及其对养分投入的敏感程度明显高于低产品种。不同品种的花后干物质累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加,但花前营养器官中储存物质的转移量、转移率和对籽粒的贡献率却明显随之下降。功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期高、中、低3个产量水平品种的SPAD值在低养分投入条件下分别为20.7、17.5和13.7;高养分投入时,分别为35、26.1和16.8。高产品种西农88的光合速率为6.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),中产和低产品种的平均光合速率分别为4.3μmolCO.2m-.2s-1和4.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1,高产品种功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期能保持较高的SPAD值和光合速率,因而花后能生产较多的干物质,但其花前干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均没有明显优势。可见,花后较高的叶绿素水平、光合速率和干物质累积是旱地小麦品种高产的重要原因。选择优良品种,采取合理的栽培措施,特别是通过养分调控保持花后具较高的干物质累积量是西北旱地进一步提高冬小麦产量的重要途径。

Abstract： Located mainly in the dryland areas, the Loess Plateau is an important region for crop production with winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L. ） as a major crop all over the lands. In cropping systems, winl：er wheat cultivars play an important rote. For obtaining high and stable wheat yields in the region, it is of significance to select the most suitable variety of winter wheat for practical use and reveal the differences of dry matter accumulation and translocation of the winter wheat cultivars with various-yielding levels for understanding of their internal characteristics. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted from 2008 to 2009 in a site where no fertilizer had been received for six years before the trial. Two factors were included in the experiment： wheat cuhivars and fertilization. Nine wheat euhivars with different yieldlevels released and widely adopted in the region were utilized as testing materials and each was planted at three nitrogen and phosphate input rates with four replications. During plant growth period, plants were sampled at flowing and harvest stages and the total dry matter amounts and the dry matter accumulation pre- and post-anthesis were measured so that the differences of dry matter translocation, dry matter transported amount and rate, transferred efficiency as well as the contribution of the transferred dry matter to grains could be evaluated for those winter wheat cuhivars. In addition, the leaf area, SPAD value and photosynthetic rate were also determined at some stages for further illustrating the yield-forming traits. The leaf area was measured at booting stage by LI-？~300A leaf area instrument, the SPAD at both booting and grain filling stages by SPAD device, and photosynthetic rate at grain filling stage by LI-6400 portable photosynthetic instrument. The results showed that dry matter, dry matter accumulation during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis, dry matter transferred efficiency and the contribution of transported dry matter to grain yield were significantly different for different winter wheat cultivars. Compared to the control without fertilization, the total accumulation productions of the high, middle and low yielding cultivars were 29%, 22% and 6% increased for the low fertilizer input treatment, and 46%, 39% and 23 % for the high fertilizer input treatment, respectively. With the increase of fertilizer rate, the dry matter accumulation in the post-anthesis was increased for the different yielding cultivars whereas, the dry matter translocation, transferred efficiency and the contribution of the transferred dry matter to grain yield were decreased. At the grain filling stage, the SPAD value of their functional leaves or flag leaves of high, middle and low yielding cuhivars was 20.7, 17.5 and 13.7 for the low fertilizer input treatment, while 35, 26. 1 and 16.8 for the high fertilizer input treatment, respectively. The photosynthetic rate of high yielding cultivars （ Xinong 88 ） was 6.0 μmolCO2 m-2 s-l whereas the average photosynthetic rates of middle and low yielding cuhivars were 4.3 and 4.0 μmolCO2 m-2 s-1 , respectively. The high-yielding variety was characterized with high levels of total dry matter production and also with high dry matter accumulation after anthesis. The high dry matter increase after anthesis might be related with the high SPAD value and high photosynthetic rate of the functional leaves during the grain filling stage. In summary, the higher level of SPAD value, photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation after anthesis was one important reason for wheat cultivars with high grain yields on drylands of the Loess Plateau. Therefore, selecting qualified wheat cuhivars, adopting adequate cropping measures as general, and especially maintaining a high dry matter accumulation during post-anthesis through the regulation of nutrient management could be regarded as the essential ways for further improvement of winter wheat yield production in the area.