陕西关中小麦品种品质改良现状研究

Aspect and Problem on Quality Improvement of Wheat Variety in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province

本项目从１９９２～１９９７ 年，以陕西关中地区近３０ 年来选育、推广的小麦品种、品系为材料，按照小麦品种田间比较试验的要求，对品种的品质性状、新品种的品质改良效果、品质性状的年际变化、品种品质分类等问题，进行了较为系统的研究。结果认为，关中地区选育和推广的小麦品种，容重较高，籽粒硬度适中或偏高，蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量较高，但沉淀值较低；多数品种的面团稳定性差，软化度较大。原因主要是Ｄ组染色体上缺少具有５＋ １０ 带的高分子量谷蛋白亚基。同一品种在同一地点不同年际间某些品质性状表现出较大差异。近年来育成的荔垦２ 号、陕优２２５、小偃６ 号、早优５０４、高优５０３、长武１３４、陕１６０、陕农７８０１ 等品种可以代表陕西关中地区优质小麦品种的品质水平，在全国也有一定的影响。但一些抗病、高产、早熟且推广面积较大的小麦新品种的品质水平有降低趋势。这一问题应引起育种工作者的高度重视。优质小麦生产是一项系统工程，除了遗传育种、栽培问题以外，粮食流通体制、检验标准、分收分贮、加工技术及食品制作等都会影响优质小麦在生产上的发展。

The wheat cultivars were sampled based on their growing history in Guangzhong Plain (Central Shaanxi) in the last 30 years. In order to study the kernel quality and its annual variation, quality classification and quality improvement of the newly bred cultivars , the samples were grown in Guanzhong Plain by testing for new varieties and lines in 1992/93, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97. The results showed that the wheat cultivars bred and grown in Guanzhong Plain had higher bulk density, medium or higher kernel hardness, higher contents of protein and wet gluten, and lower sedimentation value. Most of the cultivars had shorter stability and higher softness of dough due to there was a shortage of sub units of high molecular weight with 5+10 in D chromosome. The quality properties varied largely among the years. The study found the recently bred cultivars such as Liken 2, Shaanyou 225, Xiaoyan 6, Zaoyou 504, Gaoyou 503, Changwu 134, Shaan160 and Shaannong 7801 can be regarded as the high quality cultivars in Guanzhong Plain. These cultivars were also grown in the other areas of China as good ones. However, it is very important for wheat breeders to pay particular attention to the following problem. Some of the cultivars with large sown area and good disease resistance, higher yielding, early maturity had lower quality of protein, weaker elasticity of dough and higher softness. The produciton of high quality wheat grain is a system project, it not only needs to improve the variety and cultivating practices, but also needs to reform the grain marketing policy, grain quality standards, storage methods, and the grain and food processing techniques.