世界范围内“四大家鱼”入侵现状及其适应特性

Invasion Status Worldwide of the Four Major Culture Fishes and Their Adaptive Features

原产中国的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus),即"四大家鱼",已分别被引入到世界上很多个国家和地区,在其中将近一半的地区成功入侵,远高于一般入侵生物的建群概率。这与其自身的高繁殖力、宽广的生理耐受性和食性,以及遗传结构多样性等特征有关,还与新栖息地环境因素密切相关。四大家鱼野外繁殖所需的具有一定流量、流速、足够长且通畅的河道,是其成功入侵的必备环境因素;气候因素也影响四大家鱼成功入侵的概率。此外,入侵地的饵料丰度以及与其他入侵生物的协同作用,也能促进四大家鱼在引入地建群之后的入侵速度和程度。

The four fishes, Silver Carp （ Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ）, Bighead Carp （ Aristichthys nobilis ）, Grass Carp （ Ctenopharyngodon idella） and Black Carp （ Mylopharyngodon piceus ）, are native to China and have been cultured. They have also been introduced to culture in many countries in geographic regions. Approximately the four species have successfully established wild populations in half of those countries. The invading rate is greatly higher than any other invasive species. The success of invasion is attributed to their high fecundities, broad physiological tolerances, variable feeding behaviors and population genetic diversity, as well as the environmental adaptability of new habitats. Any river long enough and with fluent water flow will provide essential environment for their survival and reproduction in the wild. The climatic factors are also significantly correlate with the successful invasion. Furthermore, the abundant food and compatibility with other invasive species also facilitate the four fishes to rapidly become invasive species if their population available in the introduced regions.