以赛亚·伯林的多元主义自由观及其困境

On Isaiah Berlin's Pluralist View of Freedom and Its Theoretical Plight

理性主义一元论认为,人文科学问题与自然科学一样只存在唯一正确答案;对正确答案之外的所有认识,不仅不能宽容,而且要坚决消除。伯林指出理性主义一元论是导致20世纪极权主义不宽容心理的哲学根源。与理性主义一元论"不宽容"理念正相反对,伯林倡导蕴含宽容精神的多元主义自由观,认为人文科学甚至自然科学并非只有一种正确答案,诸答案间不可通约。伯林的多元主义自由观超越了传统自由主义理论的局限性,但因其深陷于诸价值的冲突之中,而导致"只有有了自由,自由才可能"的理论困境。

Rationalistic monism holds that there is only one correct answer to one question of the humanities, which is the same as the scientific problem, and other kinds of answers should not be tolerated, but eliminated absolutely. Berlin argues that the philosophical origins of the totalitarianism＇ s intolerance in 20th century are rooted in rationalistic monism. Adverse to the ＂intolerance＂ philosophy of rationalistic monism, Berlin advocates the view of pluralistic liberty which insists on tolerance as well as the belief that there is more than one answer to the scientific problem, especially to the value problem. And more, there is incommensurability between them. Berlin＇ s view has gone beyond the boundedness of the traditional liberalism. However, his view of pluralistic liberty which is caught in the conflict of kinds of values, which falls into the theoretical plight of ＂there is liberty only after the existence of liberty＂.