天麻及其活性成分药效作用的实验研究

Experimental Study of Pharmacological Effects of Gastrodia elata and Its Active Ingredients

天麻属兰科植物,从天麻中提炼出的化学成份有天麻素、天麻苷元、香荚兰醇、香荚兰醛、天麻醚苷、对羟基苯甲醛、柠檬酸、琥珀酸等[1]。其中活性成份含量最高的有效单体成份是天麻素(化学名为对羟甲基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,又称天麻苷)[2]。天麻素在非酶体系中稳定,在肝、肾、脑组织匀浆中天麻素可被代谢为天麻苷元。在组织中的代谢,以肾最快,脑次之,肝最小;在脑组织中,天麻素在小脑、丘脑、脑桥与延脑区域代谢速度快于皮层、纹状体和海马区[3]。有关天麻及其活性成分药效作用的实验研究较多,可见天麻有效成分的开发利用远无止境,但是某些作用机制尚有待深入研究和阐明,本文对有关研究文献综述如下。

Gastrodia elata belongs to Orchidaceae, those chemical composition derived from gastrodia elata including gastrodin, p - hydroxyl benzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, vanillin, gastrodia elata ether gluco- side, p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, citric acid and amber acid, etc. Among them, the most effective mono- mer component of active ingredients is gastrodin namely that methyl benzene of p - anisaldehyde beta D - pyranoid glycosidase, also called gastrodia elata nucleoside. Gastrodin is stable in non -enzymatic sys- tem, but in the tissue homogenate of liver, kidney and brain can metabolize into gastrodia elata gluco- side. Metabolism is the fastest in the kidney tissue, the brain is the second, and liver the minimum; it is faster in the cerebellum, thalamus, pons and medulla oblongata than in the cortex, striatum and hippo- campus region. Since there are many experimental study reports of pharmacological effects on gastrodia elata active ingredients, so the development and utilization of the effective components about gastrodia elata is endless. But some mechanism need to be clarified and to be further studyed. In this paper, relat- ed literature have been briefly reviewed.