高丽俗乐的中国渊源

Chinese Origins of Komagaku Folk Music

高丽乐由雅乐、唐乐、俗乐组成。通常认为前二者来源于宋代的大晟乐和教坊乐,俗乐则是本土音乐部类。但经细致考察,高丽俗乐实有深厚的中国渊源。为此,应在汉文化区的视野中探讨历史上的文化交流问题,把中国音乐向域外的传播,理解为汉文化区内雅俗文化的转化。其中较具规律性的现象是:中国境内的雅俗关系,往往结构性地移植到域外汉文化地区。技术和物质文明较容易跨越文化隔阂,价值的传播则采用潜移默化方式,故在不同年代先后产生的音乐作品中,中国元素由晦而显地保存在自内容至形式的不同层面。区分雅俗的主要标准一是制度,二是语言,因此,俗文化转变为雅文化的主要方式是进入体制,中国文学的雅俗二分在域外往往表现为汉文学、汉文俗文学、国语文学的三分。

Komagaku (music from Korea)is made up of three genres of music:Aak (elegant music),Dangak (music from the Tang Dynasty)and Sogak(folk music).It is generally believed that the first two have their origins in the Dasheng and Jiaofang music of the Song dynasty,whereas Sogak is the indigenous music of Korea.However,a closer look at Sogak reveals that it also has deep roots in China.Therefore,we argue that the history of cultural exchanges should be studied from the perspective of the Chinese culture area,and that the spread of Chinese music to other countries should be taken as the transmission of high culture and folk culture within the Chinese culture area.A regularly occurring phenomenon here is that the relationship between the two levels of Chinese culture is often structurally transplanted to other countries within the Chinese culture area.While it is relatively easy for technologies and material civilization to transcend cultural barriers,the transmission of values usually occurs in a less perceptible way ;therefore different levels of the musical works of different eras preserve Chinese elements ranging from content to form in an increasingly perceptible way.There are two major criteria for the distinction between high culture and folk culture:systems and language.Accordingly,the main way folk culture changes into high culture is through being absorbed into the high culture system.The high culture-folk culture dichotomy found in Chinese literature is usually expressed abroad as a threefold division into Han literature,Han folk literature and literature in the national language (guoyü).