载人火星飞行轨道方案的设计和计算

Design and Calculation of Trajectory of Manned Spaceflight to Mars

通过对未来载人火星探测飞行任务的分析,结合未来可能的载人火星飞行方案,对载人火星飞行任务的轨道方案进行了研究,重点对地球到火星飞行和火星到地球飞行的霍曼轨道飞行方案进行了设计,对轨道设计的两个重要参数——飞行所需的速度增量和飞行时间进行了详细计算;同时对飞行的进入、降落火星,及离开火星、返回再入、降落地球等各飞行阶段所需的速度增量进行了计算;根据可能的载人火星探测飞行时间,给出了2042年到2054年的计算结果。此外,还对大椭圆、抛物线和金星借力等轨道设计方案进行了分析,并与霍曼轨道设计方案进行了对比,并得出建议载人火星飞行采用霍曼轨道的结论。

By analyzing the overall tasks of manned spaceflight to Mars, and in accordance with possible exploration plan and scenario of manned spaceflight to Mars in the future, the trajectory scheme of manned Mars mission is designed, with its focus on the design of Hohmann trajectory from Earth to Mars and the return to Earth. Two important parameters in trajectory design, namely the mission energy and the mission duration are carefully calculated. Calculations of other phases of trajectory, such as from entering info to Mars, landing on Mars, ascent from Mars, Reentry to the Earth to landing on the Earth, are also carried out. According to the possible timeline of Mars mission, results of calculation for the year of 2042 to 2045 are presented. Furthermore, other trajectory designs, such as big elliptic and Venus swing-by trajectories are discussed and compared with Hohmann trajectory. The conclusion of adopting Hohmann design as the Mars mission trajectory is put forward.