奥尼尔晚期剧作的生态马克思主义解读

An Ecological Marxist Interpretation of O'Neill's Late Plays

在奥尼尔的晚期代表作品《诗人的气质》、《送冰的人来了》、《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》和《月照不幸人》中,剧作家借助丰富的戏剧表现手段描绘了现代社会中一幅幅生态遭受严重破坏的图景——对自然的过度开发甚至毁坏,人类与自然之间的疏离,物欲横流,公正和平等的缺失,以及由此而导致的灵魂与信仰的丧失,等等。这一切深刻揭示出现代社会中人与自然之间的异化,有力地印证了生态马克思主义有关资本主义反生态趋势和物质变换裂缝的相关论述。将这些剧作置于生态马克思主义框架之中展开研究,不仅可以帮助我们更为全面地理解这四部剧作的内涵,而且可以从一个全新的视角考量这位伟大剧作家的创作,揭示他超前的生态意识以及对于如何解决资本主义生态危机的思考——人类必须与自然和谐相处,建立一个没有阶级压迫和种族歧视的理想社会。

In ONeill＇s late representative plays, A Touch of the Poet, The Iceman Cometh, A Moon for the Misbegotten and Long Day＇s Journey into Night, he displays, by way of abundant dramatic techniques, the scenes of modern society where ecology is se- verely damaged such as over-exploitation or even destruction of nature, estrangement between human beings and nature, man＇s ac- quisitive desires, lack of justice and equality, and the subsequent loss of soul and belief. All this indieates, in a profound man- ner, the alienation between human and nature in modern society, echoing the eco-Marxist argument about metabolic rift and counter-ecological tendencies. If we interpret these four plays within the framework of eco-Marxism, we can not only obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implications of these plays, but also examine this great dramatist＇s creation, thereby revealing his foresighfful ecological consciousness and his reflection on the way out of the ecological crisis in capitalist society： man should live harmoniously with nature, and establish an ideal society without class oppression and racial discrimination.