新耕作制度下河北省冬小麦病虫草害发生状况的研究

Study on Diseases,Insect Pests and Weeds of Winter Wheat Under the New Farming System in Hebei Province

为明确新耕作制度下河北省冬小麦病虫草害发生状况。通过对河北省山前平原、黑龙港和冀东平原32个点进行监测及农户问卷普查,分析了冬小麦主要病虫草害种类、发生特点和变化原因。结果表明:新耕作制度下,河北省麦田主要病虫草害分别高达15、20、21种,其中白粉病、纹枯病、赤霉病、蚜虫、麦蜘蛛和吸浆虫等为主要病虫,杂草以播娘蒿为主。麦田病虫草害发生特点为部分次要病虫害上升为主要病虫害、杂草种类变化复杂、部分病虫危害呈北移东扩趋势和小麦玉米连带受害现象突出等。综合分析其原因为新耕作制度的实行保护了病虫草害的栖息地,提高了有害生物的危害基数,加速了病虫草害在不同地区、地块的传播等。另外,气候变暖和抗病品种缺乏也是影响小麦病虫草害发生的重要因素。

To further clarify the occurrence of the diseases, insect pests and weeds of winter wheat under the new farming system, the main species, the occurrence characteristics and the change reasons were studied with sampling investigations and questionnaires to farmers in 32 monitoring sites from Piedmont, Heilonggang and Eastern Plains in Heibei Province. The results showed that under the new farming system, the main species of diseases, pests and weeds had reached up to 15, 20 and 21 respectively, and the main diseases and pests were Powdery Mildew, Sharp Eyespot, Scab, Aphids, Wheat-spider and Wheat midge with Descurainia Sophia as the dominant species in all weeds. There were four characteristics about the occurrence of the diseases, insect pests and weeds, including some secondary diseases and insect pests becoming to the dominant, the complex and diverse weeds species, a tendency expanding from the former location to North and East and a continuous damage to wheat and corn. In a word, the occurrence changes of the diseases, insect pests and weeds were mainly caused by the new farming system which was benefit to protect the habitats, improve the cardinal number and accelerate the transmission of the diseases and insect pests in different regions and blocks. In addition, the warming climate and the lack of resistant varieties were also the important factors in the occurrence of diseases and insect pests over the past decade.