元代吐蕃等处宣慰司都元帅府的机构设置

The Organization Establishment of Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu in Tubo and Other Places in the Ming Dynasty

吐蕃等处宣慰司都元帅府是元朝在藏区设立的三大宣慰司都元帅府之一,治所在河州。对于元代吐蕃等处宣慰司都元帅府的机构设置学术界至今尚待深入研究。本文认为,元代吐蕃等处宣慰司都元帅府的机构设置实际上是由这样几部分组成:一是"掌军民之务"的宣慰司系统,如总管府以及总管府下辖的各州、县,这一系统是以行政管理为主。二是都元帅府所属的军事系统,如元帅府等;三是吐蕃等处宣慰司兼管的万户府等。四是招讨使司系统。二、三、四系统均以军事管理为主。五是管理藏传佛教、汉传佛教的宗教机构,但这一系统不在本文讨论的范畴中。一些论著中之所以未能理清元代吐蕃等处宣慰司都元帅府的管理体系,其原因就在于元代吐蕃等处宣慰司与都元帅府两大系统都兼有一定的军政管理职能,也都管辖着相应的行政与军事机构,只是吐蕃等处宣慰司更侧重于行政管理,而都元帅府则偏重于军事防务。

Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu in Tubo and other places was one of the three largest Xuan Wei Si and Yuan Shuai Fu which was established by the Yuan government in Tibetan area, and its seat was in Hezhou. For the organization establishment of Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu in Tubo and other places in the Ming dynasty, the academic fields remain to study it in depth. This paper holds that the organization establishment of Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu in Tubo and other places was consisted of the following parts： （1） Xuan Wei Si system which was in charge of affairs of army and the people, such as general governing offices, and its prefectures and counties. This system mainly depended on administration. （2） Military system which Du Yuan Shuai Fu was subordinate to, such as Yuan Shuai Fu. （3） Wang Hua Fu which Xuan Wei Si in Tubo and other places controlled. （4） Zhao Tao Shi Si system. The four ,ystems were mainly under military administration. （5） Religious institutions which were charge of Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism, which the essay doesn＇t mention. Some treatises didn＇t make clear the administrative system of Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu in Tubo and other places in the Ming dynasty because Xuan Wei Si and Du Yuan Shuai Fu both had military functions and controlled corresponding administrative and military organizations, but the difference is that Xuan Wei Si in Tubo and other places was more focused on administrative management, and Du Yuan Shuai Fu tended to military defenses.